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Abbreviations IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease CD: Crohn's disease UC: Ulcerative colitis ROS: Reactive oxygen species AI: Artificial intelligence GBD: Global Burden of Disease Tregs: Regulatory T cells IL-22: Interleukin-22 TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha TLRs: Toll-like receptors Th1: T helper 1 cell Th 17: T helper 17 cell Treg cell: Regulatory T cell TNF-: Tumor necrosis factor-alpha TLRs: Toll-like receptors CD14: Cluster of differentiation 14 NF-B: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells LPS: Lipopolysaccharides IFN: I interferons AMPs: Antimicrobial peptides PRR: Pattern recognition receptor HIF-1: Hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha HIF-2: Hypoxia-inducible factor 2-alpha HIFs: Hypoxia-inducible factors NOX: NADPH oxidase DUOX: Dual oxidase NK: Natural killer mTORC1: Mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 IL-17: Interleukin-17 T: Gamma delta T DSS: Dextran sodium sulfate ISS-DNA: Immune-stimulating DNA sequences CuS: Copper sulfide DSF: Disulfiram EL: Exosome-like PVP: Polyvinylpyrrolidone CLR: C-type lectin receptor ICOS: Inducible costimulatory molecules RORt: Retinoid-related orphan receptor gamma t MAIT: Mucosal-associated invariant T BAFF: B cell activating factor MLB: Mesenteric lymph node B cells TNBS: 2,4,6-Trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid CCR8: C-C Chemokine Receptor 8 CCL1: C-C Chemokine Ligand 1 SAMP1/Yit: Senescence-accelerated mouse P1/Yit strain DCs: Dendritic cells ILCs: Innate lymphoid cells S1P: Sphingosine-1-phosphate PPAR: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor IECs: Intestinal epithelial cells TJs: Tight junctions ZO-1: Zonula occludens-1 MLCK: Myosin light chain kinase MLC: Myosin light chain SA: Sulforaphane TCPTP: T-cell protein tyrosine phosphatase JAK1: Janus kinase 1 STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 ROCK2: Rho-associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 2 MAPK: Mitogen-activated protein kinase StAR: Steroidogenic acute regulatory START: StAR protein-related lipid transfer STARD7: START domain-containing protein 7 AGP: Aloe vera polysaccharides Nrf2: Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 RhoA: Ras homolog gene family, member A LCN2: Lipocalin-2 PPIs: Proton pump inhibitors AM: Adrenal medullin ER: Endoplasmic reticulum UPR: Unfolded protein respons CRS: Chronic restraint stress P-eIF2: Phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2 C/EBP: CCAAT/enhancer binding protein Bax: Bcl-2-associated X protein Bcl-2: B-cell lymphoma 2 NLRP3: NOD-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 CXCL8: C-X-C chemokine ligand 8 S1PR2: Sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 M1: Classically activated macrophages EGFR: Epidermal growth factor receptor MET: Mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor INSR: Insulin receptor RETREG1: Reticulophagy regulator 1 BSG: Basigin Caco-2: Carcinoma of the colon-2 SCFAs: Short-chain fatty acids TCR-/-: T cell receptor subunit knockout TCR: T cell receptor dimer ETBF: Enterotoxigenic bacteroides fragilis GPR43/109A: G protein-coupled receptor 109A AIEC: Invasive Escherichia coli O 2 : Superoxide anion OH: Hydroxyl radicals RO 2 : Peroxy group RO: Alkoxy radicals HOCl: Hypochloric acid 1 O 2 : Singlet oxygen H 2 O 2 : Hydrogen peroxide NADPH: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate BMP: Bone morphogenetic protein iNOS: Inducible nitric oxide synthase mtROS: Mitochondrial ROS T-bet: T-box transcription factor 21 TCR: T cell receptor Foxp3: Forkhead box P3 PHD: Prolyl hydroxylase RET: Reverse electron transfer PUFA-PE: Polyunsaturated phosphatidylethanolamines ACSL4: Acyl-coA synthetase long-chain family member 4 15-LOX: 15-Lipoxygenase CoQ10: Coenzyme Q10 DHODH: Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase 4-HNE: 4-Hydroxynonenal MDA: Malondialdehyde Keap1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 ECM: Extracellular matrix TGF-: Transforming growth factor- GWAS: Genome-wide association studies NOD2: Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 ATG16L1: Autophagy-related gene 16-like 1 IRGM: Immunity-related GTPase M TWAS: Transcriptome-wide association studies TFEB: Transcription factor EB LRRK2: Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 GPR35: G protein-coupled receptor 35 ERK: Extracellular signal-regulated kinase CRIF1: CR6 interacting factor 1 miR-374a-5p: MicroRNA-374a-5p VEO-IBD: Very early onset inflammatory bowel disease XIAP: X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein HLA: Human leukocyte antigen LRBA: Lipopolysaccharide-responsive beige-like anchor protein STXBP2: Syntaxin-binding protein 2 MD: Mediterranean Diet PFOS: Perfluorooctane sulfonate BPA: Bisphenol A CXCR2: C-X-C chemokine receptor type 2 MHC: Major histocompatibility complex TDM: Therapeutic drug monitoring MAdCAM-1: Mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 ADA: Anti-drug antibodies JAKs: Janus kinases TYK2: Tyrosine kinase 2 FDA: Food and drug administration VTE: Venous thromboembolism FOXP3: Forkhead box P3 CTLA-4: Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 PD-1: Programmed death-1 FUT7: 1,3-Fucosyltransferase VII CAR: Chimeric antigen receptor RIPK2: Receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 2 PPARs: Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors NLR: Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor SNPs: Single nucleotide polymorphisms COS: Chitosan oligosaccharides HSP 70: Heat shock protein 70 MenSCs: Menstrual blood-derived endometrial mesenchymal stem cells PTPN2: Protein tyrosine phosphatase, non-receptor type 2 CH25H: Cholesterol 25-hydroxylase ATF3: Activating transcription factor 3 SREBP2: Sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 MPST: 3-Mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase PHLDA1: Pleckstrin homology-like domain family a member 1 DJ-1: Parkinsonism-associated deglycase hADSC-Exo: Human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell exosomes rsTM: Recombinant soluble thrombomodulin HASH: Hyaluronic acid hydrogel FMT: Fecal microbiota transplantation CDI: Clostridium difficile infection RCTs: Randomized controlled trials SynCom: Synthetic microbiota HDAC: Histone deacetylase PDH: Pyruvate dehydrogenase FAO: Fatty acid oxidation AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase RetSat: Retinol saturated enzyme SIRT1: Sirtuin 1 TRUC: Tumor necrosis factor receptor 1(TNFR1)-related unfolded protein response(UPR)-mediated colitis N4BP3: NEDD4 binding protein 3 FXR: Farnesoid X receptor DCA: Deoxycholic acid References Andre F

It is found in fatty fish and fish liver oil, and is produced naturally with exposure to sunlight

Levocarnitine Oral Solution USP is also indicated for acute and chronic treatment of patients with an inborn error of metabolism which results in a secondary carnitine deficiency

Sep 2020;27(9):1015-1021