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A few salivary biomarkers such as propionylcholine and acetylphenylalanine have been proposed to be used as a biomarker for the early detection and diagnosis of OSCC (Wang et al., 2014)

[152] Other substances In the early 1980s, organized international trafficking of cocaine grew

Future directions: e-cigarette and microbiome Many studies have demonstrated that e-cigarettes altered the microbiome composition of respiratory tracts such as the nasal passages, mouth, and lungs, as well as the gut microbiota [83, 84, 98,99,100]

This will allow a greater chance for detection of any suspicious pre-cancerous lesions before they become a problem