Next, we evaluated the expression of antioxidative enzymes and pro-inflammatory modulators, and in prenatally e-cig exposed primary neurons, we observed significantly lower expression levels of NRF2, NQO1, SOD2, and higher levels of NF-B compared to controls, thus indicating that in utero e-cig exposure disrupts NRF2- NF-B pathway resulting in the downregulation of the antioxidant defenses and the upregulation of ROS
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Alcohol amplifies the effects of nicotine