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Their effects on sperm are both well-documented and serious: Reduced sperm count: Smokers consistently show 15 to 25 percent lower sperm concentrations compared to non-smokers Impaired sperm motility: The ability of sperm to move progressively toward an egg is significantly reduced in men who smoke Abnormal sperm morphology: The proportion of normally shaped sperm is lower in tobacco users, reducing the chance of successful fertilisation Elevated sperm DNA fragmentation: This is perhaps the most critical effect

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28 LiY.YuanK.GuanY.ChengJ.BiY.ShiS.et al (2016)